The Horror Genre in Stories of Stevenson and Greene Essay

The Horror Genre in Stories of Stevenson and Greene R.L Stevensons The Body-Snatcher and Graham Greenes The End Of The party are both short stories that are a part of the horror genre, despite differing in many ways. Throughout this essay, I am going to compare the differences and the similarities between the two horror stories. I will assess the way the writers use certain aspects that are part of the horror genre to make their story have an impact on the reader and have the ability to captivate their reader and keep them engrossed in the story. I will be focusing on specific areas within each story including, setting, structure, atmosphere, suspense, endings and also the different types†¦show more content†¦The use of isolated areas can be associated with sinister goings on and can add again to the readers uneasiness and fear. Also innocent victims can make the reader feel scared and more vulnerable, as it demonstrates that bad things can happen to anyone. Twists in horror stories are very common and both these horror stori es contain different twists that can shock the reader. The Body-Snatcher is a more typical horror story containing many of these things that I have mentioned. On the other hand, The End Of The Party differs to The Body-Snatcher, with it being more to do with the mind and appearing quite everyday, and not containing as many of the typical horror components. But both The Body-Snatcher and The End Of The Party can be placed in the horror genre as they contain the vital components that make a good horror story. The Body-Snatcher is quite self-explanatory in the title and is about body snatching. It begins in the small parlour of the George at Debenham where we meet the main character, Fettes. Fettes has an encounter with someone from his past - Macfarlane, who he is obviously not pleased to see for reasons unknown to the reader at this stage. At the mention of Macfarlanes name Fettes became instantly sober, this immediately tells the reader of something that has gone on in the past that may have been unpleasant toShow MoreRelated Horror Stories by Stevenson and Greene Essay2672 Words   |  11 PagesHorror Stories by Stevenson and Greene Horror stories are an excellent traditional genre. This genre has been around for almost as long as stories have been told. In this generation there is not much that can really scare us, but what does actually make a good horror story? Horror stories need to have a good and intimidating storyline, it needs to play on peoples fears, it also needs to give its audience a real thrill and send chills down their spines. The horror story may be based

Cigarette Smoking Effects on Prenatal Development Essay

A teratogen is defined as, â€Å"any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes† (Santrock, 2013, p. 82). According to the Baby Center website, cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 teratogens that can affect prenatal development (Woolston, 1997-2014). Cigarettes are the most common nonmedical drug used during pregnancy (Key, et al., 2007, p. 623). A fetus is dependent on its mother for all of its nutrients needed to grow properly. When the mother chooses to smoke cigarettes, the fetus is starved of both oxygen and nutrients. Several studies have been done showing that this effect on prenatal development can have consequences extending beyond the womb. The first two trimesters of†¦show more content†¦616). Prenatal central nervous system impairment secondary to the mother smoking, has an apparent effect on a newborn infant’s capability to babble and form syllables (Key, et al., 2007). Once a baby is born, it almost immediately begins making sounds that may pose as no significant relevance. As the brain matures, sounds become syllables, and syllables become a babble. When the head circumference is impaired during prenatal development, the temporal lobe (which is responsible for hearing, speech, and memory) is also restricted (Santrock, 2013, p. 112). A group of researchers selected 16 neonates (8 from non-smoking mothers and 8 from smoking mothers) from a Midwestern hospital and compared the two groups’ speech processing ability (Key, et al., 2007, p. 624). The results were very different. When provided with a stimulus, babies of non-smokers were able to distinguish both vowel and consonant sounds within 150 milliseconds. On the contrary, babies of smokers distinguished fe wer vowel and consonant sounds after 150 milliseconds (Key, et al., 2007, p. 627). This delay in speech stays with the neonate and interferes with future language-processing abilities. Researchers tie this into a child’s attention span and learning disabilities (Key, et al., 2007,Show MoreRelated Tobacco Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesthat has powerful effects on the human body, especially when administered rapidly or at high doses. Prenatal exposure to nicotine is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, including altered neural structure and functioning, cognitive deficits, and behavior problems in the offspring (9). At least 20% - 30% of pregnant women are estimated to smoke cigarettes, although smoking is associated with low birth weight, prematurity and infant mortality. In the United States, smoking accounts annuallyRead MorePrenatal Development : A Fragile Phase Of Fetal Development1558 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development is a very fragile phase of fetal development that can be affect by environmental factors and maternal factors. Prenatal development is the process in which a human fetus develops during pregnancy. The development of a new life is an exciting time for most people and this essay will discuss the process in which that new life is created. It will also discuss the things that could be harmful to the development of that new life during its prenatal development term such as environmentalRead MoreThe Use Of Tobacco Products During Pregnancy1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of tobacco products during pregnancy has influenced the outcomes of infants’ birth in multiple ways. Maternal smoking during pregnancy impairs fetal growth and decreases gestational age thus, increasing several risk factors in the neonatal population. These risk factors are low birth weight (LBW), and premature birth. There is a strong correlation between both risk factors as it relates to neonatal long-term morbidity and also mortality. Infant s who are born preterm accounts for a largeRead More Cigarette Smoking Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pages Cigarette Smoking The effects of cigarette smoking can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is also physically and socially harming. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The large particles in cigarette smoke, commonly known as â€Å"tar†, collect in the branching points of the lungs. The tar contains carcinogenic compounds that increase the risk of lung cancer. The small particles in cigarette smoke, including carcinogensRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Tobacco Exposure On An Infant s Regulatory Processes During The First Month Of Their Lives1204 Words   |  5 PagesPrenatal Tobacco Exposure Introduction The authors wanted to explain the consequences of prenatal tobacco exposure on an infant’s regulatory processes during the first month of their lives. They wanted to see tobacco’s effect on self-regulatory behavior. Previous research displays vast implications regarding the effect of tobacco on neonates. Some effects of prenatal tobacco exposure include, low birth weight, reduction in body length and head size, greater risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivityRead MorePrenatal Case Study : Prenatal Therapy1590 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal Case Study According to the information given by SuperTracker regarding Pam’s diet, she is clearly deficient in vitamins and minerals that are essential during pregnancy. These vitamins and minerals play a crucial role in fetal development and keeping her weight within healthy ranges. A few adjustments to Pam’s lifestyle could go a long way in transforming her body into an ideal one for childbearing. Pam’s diet and nutritional concerns The immediate concern that arises when analyzing Pam’sRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development, also known as antenatal development, is the process of the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazardsRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Nicotine1500 Words   |  6 Pagesprimary pharmacological agent of addiction in cigarettes, triggers powerful physical and psychological reactions in species as diverse as cockroaches and humans. Nicotine has been proven to boost concentration, improve memory and control body weight, as well as alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimers and Parkinsons Disease sufferers. However, research has also established that nicotine adversely affects babies in utero and may explain the link between smoking and problems such as Sudden Infant DeathRead MoreNegative Effects of Smoking on Human Health and the Economy1475 Words   |  6 Pages Moreover, smoking particularly adversely affects womens reproductive health, and smoke exposure on children has had detrimental and some sometimes fatal effects on children. Many studies have examined and outlined the adverse effects of maternal smoking on both the mother as well as on the baby and/or infant ( Hofhuis, de Jongste, Merkus, 2003 Woolbright 1994). Many states such as Alabama required documentation on birth certificates of tobacco use of mothers (Woolbright, 1994). Despite theRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 PagesAny agent that disrupts embryo development or fetal development is known as Teratogens. Teratogens can stop the pregnancy outright, or in cases of full term pregnancies, cause birth defects to the child. Some categories of teratogens are environmental and subjective teratogens. Environmental teratogens relate to environmental factors that cause birth defects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination

Using Information From Websites, As It Will Give Me...

1.0 Methods For this report, I will mainly use information from websites, as it will give me information about anti-bribery policies. I will also use a website called Harvard reference to give the reader an easier understanding on what I will be reporting on. I will use BBC website as well to know the recent bribery act that has lately happened to an organisation and what anti-bribery does to other organisation. 2.0 Introduction The purpose of this report is to know more about, the meaning of anti-bribery and what the policy intends to achieve on an organisation that I have chosen. By doing research on recently published journal articles, newspapers and internet sites on the topic about anti-bribery, this report will describes, what the policies intends to do and the employees that will be affected with the policies. Anti-bribery helps the operations of one organisation to detect or prevent the corruption inside one organisation. 3.0 How to prevent bribery? The most effective way to prevent bribery is to have an anti-corruption program, this is important to a big organisation. This will enforce some of the actions and will change the penalties to bribery to an organisation. Year 2011 UK Bribery Act of 2010 leads many organisations to re-evaluate their anti-corruption program, even do companies that have general policies and procedures to comply with the UK Bribery Act [Kenneth Clarke. (2011)]. This Act not only covers bribery of UK government officials but it also coverShow MoreRelatedEthical Companies12021 Words   |  49 Pages2011 World’s Most Ethical Companies The Ethisphere Institute, a leading international think-tank dedicated to the creation, advancement and sharing of best practices in business ethics, corporate social responsibility, anti-corruption and sustainability, announced the official unveiling of the 2011 World’s Most Ethical Companies. This year’s honorees have gone above and beyond to prove business ethics are paramount to the success of a company’s brand and bottom line. In its fifth year, the World’sRead MoreA Better Map Of Europe9798 Words   |  40 PagesGeorgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan). Europe is a unique continent, which is not surrounded by water from all directions, and has an overland border with the neighbouring Asia. Physiographically, it occupies the northwestern part of the large landmass known as Eurasia and surrounded from the north by the Arctic Ocean, from the west by the Atlantic Ocean, from the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and from the southeast by the Black Sea. Definition of correct border between two continents was a big questionRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 Pagestraditional Doctrinal research method. As most of the information can be sought form the available literature. So the researcher has chosen doctrinal method as method of research for the present article and has used books, journals, research articles for preparation of the same. Objectives of the study The main objectives of the research work is To study the concept of white collar crime in detail. To study the impact of white collar crime from Indian perspectives. To study the impact of white collarRead MoreNew Economy vs Old Economy6826 Words   |  28 Pagesthe last decade as two long-run broad trends, globalization and advances in information and communication technology (ICT) have converged. This ‘new economy’ is significantly different to the ‘old economy’, as knowledge has replaced traditional productivity inputs, such as labor and natural resources, as the primary ingredient for economic growth. A new landscape exists and countries must adapt their approaches and policies for development to achieve progress in the future (Droke, 2000). By New EconomyRead MoreWalmart China12415 Words   |  50 PagesHKU984 ALI FARHOOMAND WAL-MART IN CHINA (2012) Introduction Summer was making its picture-perfect debut in New South Wales that day in October 2011, but Mr Greg Foran hardly noticed. Newly hired away from his role as head of Australia’s leading supermarket chain, Woolworth’s Supermarket Division, he was set to work as a senior vice president at Wal-Mart International, the fastest growing division of the world’s largest retailer, Wal-Mart Corporation. However, what exactly he would be doingRead MoreEffects of Corruption in the Phil.14311 Words   |  58 PagesPhilippines. We focused on the many issues caused by corruption being faced by the government today. We also included some essays and opinions from several users online. The first part of our report is the definition of corruption and its cause. To introduce our topic, we first defined what corruption is. We included a definition taken from the website of Philippine Anti-Graft Commission, the government agency tasked to weed out corruption on the government. There were also various definitions of corruptionRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Ethical Practices13569 Words   |  55 PagesMarketing. And in the end, we would also like to thank our course instructor Ms. Tania Danish for assigning us an interesting project and guiding us at every step of this report. Preface This report is produced with the objective, to learn about the Pharmaceutical Sector of Pakistan as a whole. The operations that take place in the Pharmaceutical Sector could be understood. The purpose also included the facts that could be disclosed which make a company competitive as compared to others inRead MoreAirborne Express 714476 Words   |  58 PagesKunnikar Ngandee Chapter 1 : Globalization Talk it Over 1. Today, international business people must think globally about production and sales opportunities. Many global managers will eventually find themselves living and working in cultures altogether different from their own. Many entrepreneurs will find themselves booking flights to places they had never heard of. What do you think companies can do now to prepare their managers for these new markets? What can entrepreneurs and small businessesRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 Pagesthat they wear is when their shift has ended and they have to go home to their family. Some of the stressors, and at times atrocities, that police officers have been exposed to throughout their shift have to be forgotten about. This has to be done to keep their families from being exposed to the same psychological issues that police officers are trained to handle. There are many levels of law enforcement included within state and federal agencies and this paper will discuss several levelsRead MoreMarketing and Aesop12007 Words   |  49 Pagesdeveloping, now more than ever with the advent of the Internet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also in countries in which they do not have representatives. Aesop is the trading name of a range of skin care products from Australian company Aesop Retail Pty Ltd. Aesop was founded by hairdresser Dennis Paphitis in 1987 in the city of Melbourne. It is an Australian based super premium cosmetic company that has significant presence in Asia-Pacific, Australia and North

Fundamentals for Chemistry-Quantitative Measurements

1 Lab Assignment #5 Write-Up 2 General Info: Name: Date: Purpose: Of Exp #5: In this experiment we will learn about the spectroscope and how it works. To learn the concept of quantitative measurements, to construct a spectroscope and, to use it for taking quantitative measurements. Experimental Questions: Please complete this section of your write-up as you work on the experimental portion of this lab. 1. Hold the grating several inches from your face, at an angle. Look at the grating that you will be using. Describe what you see at the grating surface. I see different color of the rainbow and when I change the angle that am holding the diffraction grating Hold the grating up to your eye and look through it.†¦show more content†¦How many spaces from the center of violet line to center of green line? 2 spaces. How many spaces from the center of violet line to center of yellow line? 3 spaces. 4. Finding the nm/space for your spectroscope: = difference in wavelength /# of spaces between two lines Using the violet and green lines: =(538nm-436nm)/( 2 ) = 50 nm/space (value#1) Using the violet and yellow lines: =(580nm-436nm)/( 3 ) = 48 nm/space (value#2) Average nm/space: = (Value #1 +Value #2)/2 = (50+48)/2 = 49 nm/space Agreement of the two values: % difference = 100 x |value 1 – value 2|/(average value) = 100 x | 50 - 48 |/( 49 ) =4.1% is this value 10%__Yes_.( go through calibration process until you can say â€Å"yes.†) Your spectroscope is now calibrated. Do not move the light rod – tape in place with clear tape if you have not yet done so. In event that light rod moves, place reference mark in center of violet line, and re-secure light rod. Questions and Conclusions: Now that you better understand the functioning of a spectroscope, answer the following questions. 1. What is white light? White light is mixture of all color in spectra. What experimental evidence do you personally have to support this idea? ( By looking to the white light (light source) of myShow MoreRelatedFundamentals for Chemistry-Quantitative Measurements1694 Words   |  7 Pages1 Lab Assignment #5 Write-Up 2 General Info: Name: Date: Purpose: Of Exp #5: In this experiment we will learn about the spectroscope and how it works. To learn the concept of quantitative measurements, to construct a spectroscope and, to use it for taking quantitative measurements. Experimental Questions: Please complete this section of your write-up as you work on the experimental portion of this lab. 1. Hold the grating several inches from your face, at an angle. Look at the grating thatRead MoreAnalytical Chemistri Intro1796 Words   |  8 PagesAnalytical Chemistry I 1 Course Outlines ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" LU1 :Analytical Chemistry Overview LU2: Measurements and Data Treatment LU3: Stoichiometric Calculations LU4: General Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium LU5: Gravimetric Methods LU6: Acid-Base Equilibria LU7: Acid-base titrations LU8: Analytical Separations Course Assessment Laboratory reports (15%) ï‚â€" Assignments (15%) ï‚â€" MidTerm Examination (30%) ï‚â€" Final Examination (40%) ï‚â€" 3 References 1. Christian, G.D. (2003)Read MoreThe History of Chemistry Up to the XIX Century Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of chemistry encompasses a span of time reaching from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, ancient civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. 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The science of chemistry, alchemy, was unsuccessfulRead MoreIntroduction to the Analytical Balance1021 Words   |  5 Pagescertain influences that somehow affected the precision and accuracy in weighing. All in all, the objectives of the study were met.  INTRODUCTION ​The analytical balance is a fundamental measuring device for all types of quantitative work in analytical chemistry. It is designed for great precision in quantitative chemical analysis. It yields readability to four decimal places to the right of the decimal point (up to .0001 g). It is extremely sensitive and requires a draft-free location on aRead MoreEvaluating Kuhn ´s Theory of Scientific Development Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesas Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier’s paradigm is incommensurable with that of Joseph Priestley’s in chemistry (Oberheim Hoyningen-Huene, 2012). Paul Feyerabend used incommensurable to describe the lack of logical relations between the concepts of fundamental theories in his critique of logical empiricist’s models of explanation and reduction. Stating that in the event of scientific revolution, when fundamental change occurs there is a change in perspective which is the birth of a new conception of theRead MoreQuantitative Me thods for Business Paper1652 Words   |  7 PagesKent Jackson 11AM-12:20PM GB 202 Quantitative techniques are mathematical and reproducible. Regression analysis is an example of one such technique. Statistical analysis is also an example of a quantitative technique. Quantitative techniques are applied for business analysis to optimize decision making IE profit maximization and cost minimization. It covers linear programming models and other special algorithms, inventory and production models. Albert Humphrey, a managementRead MorePhysics Of X Ray Fluorescence1167 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyzing time. The vacuum and atmosphere are switched to the measurement atmosphere by the operation of one button. When X-rays (primary X-rays) are illuminated from the X-ray tube to the specimen, fluorescence X-rays having wavelengths (energies) peculiar to the constituent elements of the specimen are generated from the elements. Qualitative analysis can be made by investigating the wavelengths of the fluorescence X-rays and quantitative analysis by investigating the X-ray dose. The energies areRead MorePhysics Of The Jsx 3222 Analyzer1156 Words   |  5 Pagesswitched to the measurement atmosphere by the one button operation. When X-rays (primary X-rays) are illuminated from the X-ray tube to the specimen, fluorescence X-rays having wavelengths (energies) peculiar to the constituent elements of the specimen are produced from the elements. There are two methods to investigate the energies. The first method is Qualitative analysis which can be made by investigating the wavelengths of the fluorescence X-rays and the other method is quantitative analysis by

Implicit Concerns For The Legalization Of The Organ Sale

Implicit Concerns for the Legalization of the Organ Sale With the increasing need of organs for medical treatment, illegal organ black markets have become more rampant. Under such circumstances, the public debate over whether the government should legalize the sale of living human organs is fiercer. In Joanna MacKay’s essay Organ Sales Will Save Lives, she states that the government should legalize the sale of organs, since the legalization would benefit both the sellers and the buyers. Moreover, to show the potential benefits for the sellers, MacKay provides and analyzes gains from different aspects that sellers may make if the organ sale were legalized. However, what MacKay has shown is still not the whole picture. By simplifying the problems, MacKay overstates the monetary compensation for the organ sale and underestimates the possible role of exploitation, risks to organ sellers and other ethical questions. As a result, the sellers would not benefit as much as she states, and her argument about the bilateral reciprocal consequen ces for both organ sellers and buyers after legalization would be incomplete. To begin with, although MacKay discusses several factors like regulations and middleman which may influence the monetary compensation for sellers, she does not take into account the law of supply and demand. The ignorance of this economic factor may lead to her overestimation of compensation gains. MacKay mentions that because legalization could allow the government toShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesphilosophy of the text’s exercises and examples. Advanced Placement Statistics We have designed this book with a particular eye toward the syllabus of the Advanced Placement Statistics course and the needs of high school teachers and students. Concerns expressed and questions asked in teacher workshops and on the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion Group have strongly inï ¬â€šuenced our exposition of certain topics, especially in the area of experimental design and probability. We have taken great care

Pressure on Student Athletes free essay sample

A 57, Junior in high school, taking three AP classes, class president, all league soccer player, who is hospitalized due to high blood pressure and seizures. The senior quarterback, with tons of friends, granted a full ride scholarship to USC, and has to decline and quit football because of four Fs in his classes. A sophomore basketball player, whos already being scouted by Division 1 schools, taking six challenging classes, and on crutches for the whole season because she continued to play basketball with a twisted ankle and an injured knee. How can such a frightening situation be taking place in these young adults lives? This awful and increasingly problematic scene is happening all over the world, all for the same reasons (Bowen). With social stress, the desire to be popular, academic pressure with the hopes of going to a four year university, and the difficult transition into adulthood, young student athletes must also balance the complicated challenge to be the best in their specialized sport, deal with unnerving parents and coaches, and the constant fear of failing, and some cannot handle it all (Mansfield). We will write a custom essay sample on Pressure on Student Athletes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Playing sports three seasons per year can bring a lot of physical and mental stress, specially between balancing teachers, parents and coaches. Maintaining a 4. 0 and staying active on a sports team often leads to late nights and a lot of pressure on my body, and a big struggle to push through it all! says Emma Stanfield, a sophomore at Sonoma Valley High who plays varsity volleyball, JV basketball, and varsity track, while also taking two AP classes. The older an athlete becomes, the more pressure is put on them to succeed and the less time they have to learn new material and thrive. From a very young age, parents put extreme amounts of stress on their children to strive and outplay their competitors (Remmer). There have been a colossal amount of incidents witnessed of a parent screaming at their young and inexperienced child because they are not shooting the correct way, running fast enough, or giving 110%. Frank Smoll, a professor of sports psychology calls this: Frustrated Jock Syndrome. Frustrated Jock Syndrome is when parents live through their own childs triumphs to reminisce on the glory years of their own sport or to remember what success and the competitive energy feels like, but usually results in damaging the parent-child relationship (Remmer). Some children have formed a need-to-please connection with heir parents, which could conclude in more severe problems later in life. In addition to the parents who are sitting in the bleachers, young athletes also must deal with their own coaches pushing them. There is a fine line between having a skillful and kindhearted coach who wants his/her players to play their best, and a coach who has an only winning will be acceptable attitude and cares more about a trophy than the players. Coaches and parents are the two main people a player should be able to go to for advice, help, and any problems, but if that bond is broken, the young athlete is on the road of no return. By age thirteen, 70% of young athletes will quit their specialized sports, with the top three reasons being adults, coaches, and parents (Weisenberger). Another deciding factor that an athlete faces is other players, whether it be competing against ones own team to be number one, or going head-to- players to push harder and harder to be the best, which is why 62% of sports-related injuries take place at practice (Weisenberger). Despite all of these pressure-filled people in an athletes life, one of the most intimidating and nerveracking stages of an athletes career is college and scholarships. Depending on the age and skill-level of the player, full-ride athletic scholarships become more of a reality everyday (Mansfield). The frightening truth is that only 2% of high school athletes get full-ride athletic scholarships every year, which many players fail to recognize (7-Athletic Scholarships). With the potential of being recruited toa Division 1 team and attending a four-year university, some student athletes have difficulties deciding which subject to focus on: their sport, which they need to be excellent at to be given a scholarship, or schoolwork, working hard to achieve the necessary GPA to be llowed into a good, academic college. Get up. Eat. Go to school. Go to practice. Go home. Do homework. Eat. Sleep. Repeat. With playing sports all year round, it never ends, and student athletes are all very familiar with the word stress, quotes Sami Von Gober, a three-sport superstar with a superb grade point average, who knows firsthand the difficulties of dealing with everything a teenage athlete has to handle. Although athletics and staying active are necessary in certain childrens lives, overdoing sports and exercise can lead to serious complications. Many athletes have heard it before; School comes first, Homework before sports, and If you are too stressed out, you can miss a practice. But with the threat of missing a game if one misses a practice, or extra conditioning drills if a player is late, many young athletes would choose to dismiss a homework assignment rather than miss an extra hour of athletic coaching to help them excel in their sport. Student athletes have a loss of focus in classes due to thinking about their sport. Will they start the next game? How does that one play go agai n? Is practice going to be hard tonight? These are the kinds of questions running through n athletes head while they should be focusing on math equations or science vocabulary. Another problem that is increasing in young athletes is sleep deprivation, which can be hazardous to a childs health, ability to play their sport correctly, and attentiveness in class. Lack of sleep can lead to hallucinations, paranoia, and disorientation, to name a few (Mansfield). The minimum sleep required in young adults is seven and-a-half to eight and-a-half hours, but according to a research done by Dr. Maas, an international consultant on sleep for over four decades and a teacher t Cornell University, high school athletes are getting only five to six hours of sleep per night. Although they may not show immediate signs of health concern, athletes may start exhibiting drowsiness, quick irritability, anxiety, depression, or weight gain/ loss (Pavlov). Studies have shown that stress alone can result in asthma, heart problems, obesity, diabetes, depression, gastrointestinal problems, and accelerated aging. But even if a student athlete is getting eight hours of sleep, eats a healthy, balanced diet, and claims to feel no stress or pressure, there is still a one-fourth hance they could wind up in the ER with a broken or fractured bone, overstressed muscle, or worse. More than 3. 5 million kids between five and fourteen receive medical attention for sports injuries every year, and over 300,000 high school athletes day, and one to two games per week, and repetitive motion of bones and muscles is correlated with sports injury. Although stretching, good gear (shoes, ankle braces, etc. ), and being careful are all preventative measures, injury is always a possibility. Many people recognize the demands placed on student athletes and offer a ariety of choices that can lower the pressure and reduce stress put on them and their bodies. One option a young athlete has that might help reduce stress level is talking to his/her mom, dad, or coach especially if they have Frustrated Jock Syndrome. The athlete could also visit a therapist to discuss what they are feeling during school, sports, and their home and social life. More drastic measures a student athlete could take are switching into less complicated classes where there is less homework, focusing on one, maybe two, sports if an athlete is participating in hree or more competitive sports, or even taking a leave of absence from their designated sport to give the student time to adjust. But not all young athletes have over-bearing parents, three AP classes, and a hard-to-manage body; many students put pressure on themselves, with doing anything to be popular at school, feeling out of place in their own skin, and mentally beating themselves up with every missed shot, turnover, or dropped catch. Although these specific kids might not be struggling with deranged parents or coaches or have daunting classes, they still deserve ttention and help for their struggles. Young athletes have more and more pressure layered on with every intense game, different technique they must master, and the need for college scholarships

Laws Of War Essay Example For Students

Laws Of War Essay The term laws of war refers to the rules governing the actual conduct of armed conflict. This idea that there actually exists rules that govern war is a difficult concept to understand. The simple act of war in and of itself seems to be in violation of an almost universal law prohibiting one human being from killing another. But during times of war murder of the enemy is allowed, which leads one to the question, if murder is permissible then what possible laws of war could there be? The answer to this question can be found in the Charter established at the International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo:Crimes against Humanity: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the co untry where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan.1 The above excerpt comes form the Charter of the Tribunal Article 6 section C, which makes it quite clear that in general the laws of war are there to protect innocent civilians before and during war. It seems to be a fair idea to have such rules governing armed conflictin order to protect the civilians in the general location of such aconflict. But, when the conflict is over, and if war crimes have been committed, how then are criminals of war brought to justice? TheInternational Military Tribunals held after World War II in Nuremberg on 20 November 1945 and in Tokyo on 3 May 1946 are excellent examples of how such crimes of war are dealt with. (Roberts and Guelff 153-54) But, rather than elaborate on exact details of the Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo a more important matter must be dealt with. What happens when alleged criminals of war are unable to be apprehended and justly tried? Are they forgotten about, or are they sought after such as other criminals are in order to serve justice? What happens if these alleged violators are found residing somewhere other than where their pursuers want to bring them to justice? How does one go about legally obtaining the custody of one su ch suspect? Some of the answers to these questions can be found in an analysis of how Israel went about obtaining the custody of individuals that it thought to be guilty of Nazi War Crimes. Not only will one find some of the answers to the previously stated questions, but also one will gain an understandingof one facet of international law and how it works. Two cases in specific will be dealt with here. First, the extradition of Adolf Eichmann from Argentina, and second, the extradition of John Demjanjuk from the United States of America. These cases demonstrate two very different ways that Israel went about obtaining the custody of these alleged criminals. The cases also expose the intricacy of International Law in matters of extradition. But, before we begin to examine each of these cases we must first establish Israels right to judicial processing of alleged Nazi war criminals. To understand the complications involved in Israel placing suspectedNazi war criminals on trial, lets review the history of Israels situation. During World War II the Nazis were persecuting Jews in their concentration camps. At this time the state of Israel did not exist. The ending of the war meant the ending of the persecution, and when the other countries discovered what the Nazis had done Military Tribunals quickly followed. Some of the accused war criminals were tried and sentenced, but others managed to escape judgement and thus became fugitives running from international law. Israel became a state, and thus, some of the Jews that survived the concentration camps moved to the state largely populated by people of Jewish ancestry. Israel felt a moral commitment because of its large Jewish population and set about searching for the fugitive Nazi war criminals. The situation just described is only a basic overview of whathappened. The state of Israel views itself as the nation with the greatest moral jurisdiction for the trial of Nazi war criminals, and other states around the Globe agree with Israels claim. (Lubet and Reed 1) Former Israeli Attorney General Gideon Hausner was interested in confirming Israel as the place for bringing to justice all those suspected of genocide of Jews. Hausner sought to confirm Israels status by proposing to the United States that they extradite Bishop Valerian Trifa to Israel for trial as a war criminal. Israel was reluctant to support Hausners proposal, which resulted in delaying the extradition process and thus gave Trifa the time needed to find a country willing to give him residency. Portugal granted Trifa residency and thus Hausners proposal was in vain. Israel, sometime after losing their opportunity of obtaining Trifa,decided that Hausners idea of establishing Israel as the place to bring Nazi war criminals to trial was a good one, which lead them to seek the extradition of John Demjanjuk from the United States. The Wall Street Journal reported:Israels request for the extradition of a suspected Nazi war criminal living in the U.S. . . appears to be a test case that could determine whether Israel pursues other suspects . . . The decision to seek the extradition of Mr. Demjanjuk follows months of negotiations between U.S. and Israel officials about specific cases and the broader question of whether Israel wanted to go through with extraditions requests . . . Gideon Hausner, who prosecuted Eichmann, said Israels decision to ask the U.S. to extradite Nazis for trial is an important step. This creates the opportunity for at least tacit admission of Israels special position with regard to crimes against Jews anywhere in the world, he sa ys.2After much negotiations the United States arrested Demjanjuk in November of 1983. On April 15, 1985 United States District Judge Frank Battisti ruled in favor of Demjanjuks extradition. After the Sixth Court of Appeals affirmed Battistis ruling and the Supreme Court denied Demjanjuks petition for certiorari, Demjanjuk arrived in Israel on February 27, 1986. (Lubet and Reed 3) It would appear, from what has been presented, that the extradition process is simple. But this conclusion is not correct because there are a few issues that make extradition problematic. One such issue that complicates the process of extradition is that of identification and proof. Leading Nazi war criminals such as Adolf Eichmann and Klaus Barbieoffer no real dispute in the matter of identification, but war criminals that were not so prominent leave room to question whether they truly are who they are accused of being. The type of criminal cases that most of us are familiar with are those that attempt to prove whether a defendant committed a particular act or acts. Extradition cases involve two distinct questions:1) The prosecution must prove that the defendant is actually the personsought by the requesting country. The Giver EssayArgentina went on further to argue that Israels note expressing their regret in the matter of Eichmanns removal can be viewed as an apology, which constitutes an admission of guilt. The phrasing of the note of regret sent by Israel is embedded clearly with conditional terms, which makes it difficult, if not impossible, to derive an admission of guilt from it. At no time in the note does Israel praise or approve the volunteer group actions, and neither does Israel try to justify what was done. If anything can clearly be derived from the note it is that Israel in fact does regret the actions of the volunteer group, and possibly even condemns their behavior. But, Argentinas claim that the note is an admission of guilt is hardly an argument worth pursuing. Argentinas strongest argument against the abduction of Eichmann is that Israel chose to detain Eichmann after he had been captured. Argentina claimed that even though the abduction of Eichmann was an act committed by private citizens, the Israeli Governments decision to detain and try Eichmann made them an accessory. This point is Argentinas strongest argument because it is known that the jurisdiction of the court reaches only as far as the borders of the state of which it is in. If the court had no jurisdiction in the nation of the original seizure, then by what right does that court have to detain and try the accused? The only problem with Argentinas final argument on the Eichmann abduction is that proof of forcible seizure or arrest must be presented. Since the abductors were acting of their own free will it is doubtful that they arrested Eichmann in the name of Israel. It is, however, quite possible that the abductors used some force in the removal of Eichmann, but again, use of force must be proved to give validity to Argentinas final argument. Argentina filed a complaint with the United Nations Security Council under Article 33 claiming that Israel violated international law, which created an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust jeopardizing the preservation of international peace. (Silving 312) After the presentation of arguments and debates before the Security Council the follow declarations were made:violation of the sovereignty of a Member State is incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations; repetition of acts such as that giving rise to this situation would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace. The adjudicative part of the resolution. 1. Declares that acts such as that under considerations, which affect the sovereignty of a Member State and therefore cause international friction, may, if repeated, endanger international peace and security;2. Requests the Government of Israel to make appropriate reparation inaccordance with the Charter of the United Nations and rules ofinternational law.12 The important part of the resolutions that the United Nations reached is the phrase if repeated. It is almost as if the United Nations said, this time we will let the infringement go, but next we will take action. Considering the unique character of the crimes attributed to Eichmann, and since such crimes are, for the most part, universally condemned, Israels breach of international law seems to have been tolerated. It is quite possible that had the person who was removed been someone other than Eichmann the result of the United Nations Security Council would have been much different. The two cases of extradition expose the complexities of international law. In the case of Demjanjuk, Israel went about the extradition process in the correct manner, which resulted in the issues of identification and probable cause, requirement of criminality, extraterritoriality, and extratemporality. When Israel went about obtaining Adolf Eichmann the issues dealt with were ones resulting from the method of Eichmanns apprehension. Eichmanns removal from Argentina brought to light the issue of violation of a countrys sovereignty. In both cases because the accused were being charged with Nazi war crimes, specifically genocide, there cases seem to get a little leeway and are not dealt with as extremely as other cases might be. Nevertheless, their cases demonstrate how one goes about bringing to justice those charged with violating the laws of war. FOOTNOTES1 Roberts, Adam, and Richard Guelff, ed. Documents of the Laws ofWar. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.) 155. 2 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 3. 3 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 15. 4 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 15. 5 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 18. 6 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 18. 7 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 20. 8 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 23. 9 Lubert, Steven, and Jan Stern Reed. Extradition of Nazis fromthe United States to Israel: A Survey of Issues inTransnational Criminal Law. Stanford Journal ofInternational Law. 23 (1986): 23. 10 Silving, Helen. In Re Eichmann: A Dilemma of Law and MoralityThe American Journal of International Law 55 (1961):311. 11 Silving, Helen. In Re Eichmann: A Dilemma of Law and MoralityThe American Journal of International Law 55 (1961):318. 12 Silving, Helen. In Re Eichmann: A Dilemma of Law and MoralityThe American Journal of International Law 55 (1961):313. Political Issues Essays